So far in the genetic engineering journey we have learnt how to isolate or produce a DNA fragment, and amplify it in vitro using PCR. Bacterial transformation is a method to amplify a DNA fragment in vivo (in a living organism), and to engineer bacteria to produce a protein. In this article we will look... Continue Reading →
This article begins a new series about gene technologies. Many gene technologies, especially recombinant DNA technologies, begin with the need to isolate or make DNA fragments. We will look at three different ways that this can be achieved. Restriction enzymes This method allows DNA fragments to be "cut out" of existing DNA. Restriction enzymes, sometimes... Continue Reading →
Transcription is the first stage of protein synthesis. It transcribes a DNA sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in the nucleus so that is where transcription occurs. In prokaryotic cells it happens in the cytoplasm because the DNA is not contained in a nucleus. In this article will... Continue Reading →
| Cookie | Duration | Description |
|---|---|---|
| cookielawinfo-checkbox-advertisement | 1 year | The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". |
| cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics | 1 year | This cookies is set by GDPR Cookie Consent WordPress Plugin. The cookie is used to remember the user consent for the cookies under the category "Analytics". |
| cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary | 1 year | This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". |
| cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance | 1 year | This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". |
| CookieLawInfoConsent | 1 year | Records the default button state of the corresponding category & the status of CCPA. It works only in coordination with the primary cookie. |
| SERVERID | past | This cookie is used to assign the user to a specific server, thus to provide a improved and faster server time. It remembers which server had delivered the last page on to the browser. It also helps in load balancing. |
| Cookie | Duration | Description |
|---|---|---|
| na_id | 1 year 1 month | The na_id is set by AddThis to enable sharing of links on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter. |
| na_rn | 1 month | The na_rn cookie is used to recognize the visitor upon re-entry. It allows to record details on user behaviour and facilitate the social sharing function provided by Addthis.com. |
| na_sc_e | 1 month | The na_sc_e cookie is used to recognize the visitor upon re-entry. It allows to record details on user behaviour and facilitate the social sharing function provided by Addthis.com. |
| na_sr | 1 month | The na_sr cookie is used to recognize the visitor upon re-entry. It allows to record details on user behaviour and facilitate the social sharing function provided by Addthis.com. |
| na_srp | 1 minute | The na_srp cookie is used to recognize the visitor upon re-entry. It allows to record details on user behaviour and facilitate the social sharing function provided by Addthis.com. |
| na_tc | 1 year 1 month | The na_tc cookie is used to recognize the visitor upon re-entry. It allows to record details on user behaviour and facilitate the social sharing function provided by Addthis.com. |
| ouid | 1 year 1 month | Associated with the AddThis widget, this cookie helps users to share content across various networking and sharing forums. |
| PugT | 1 month | PubMatic sets this cookie to check when the cookies were updated on the browser in order to limit the number of calls to the server-side cookie store. |
| sb | 2 years | This cookie is used by Facebook to control its functionalities, collect language settings and share pages. |
| SPugT | 1 month | PubMatic sets this cookie to track when the server-side cookie store was last updated for the browser. |
| Cookie | Duration | Description |
|---|---|---|
| d | 3 months | Quantserve sets this cookie to anonymously track information on how visitors use the website. |
| YSC | session | This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. |
| Cookie | Duration | Description |
|---|---|---|
| _ga | 2 years | This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. |
| _gid | 1 day | This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the wbsite is doing. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages viisted in an anonymous form. |
| __gads | 1 year 24 days | This cookie is set by Google and stored under the name dounleclick.com. This cookie is used to track how many times users see a particular advert which helps in measuring the success of the campaign and calculate the revenue generated by the campaign. These cookies can only be read from the domain that it is set on so it will not track any data while browsing through another sites. |
| Cookie | Duration | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ab | 1 year | Owned by agkn, this cookie is used for targeting and advertising purposes. |
| anj | 3 months | No description available. |
| chkChromeAb67Sec | 3 months | PubMatic sets this cookie for testing purposes on Google Chrome browsers with a version above 67. |
| CMID | 1 year | The cookie is set by CasaleMedia. The cookie is used to collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertising. |
| CMPRO | 3 months | CMPRO cookie is set by CasaleMedia for anonymous user tracking, and for targeted advertising. |
| CMPS | 3 months | CMPS cookie is set by CasaleMedia for anonymous user tracking based on user's website visits, for displaying targeted ads. |
| CMRUM3 | 1 year | CMRUM3 cookie is set by CasaleMedia for anonymous user tracking based on user's website visits, for displaying targeted ads. |
| CMST | 1 day | The cookie is set by CasaleMedia. The cookie is used to collect information about the usage behavior for targeted advertising. |
| DSID | 1 hour | This cookie is set by DoubleClick to note the user's specific user identity. It contains a hashed/encrypted unique ID. |
| everest_g_v2 | 1 year | The cookie is set under the everesttech.net domain to map clicks to other events on the client's website. |
| everest_session_v2 | session | This cookie, set by Everesttech, is used for targeted ads and to document efficacy of each individual ad. |
| fr | 3 months | Facebook sets this cookie to show relevant advertisements to users by tracking user behaviour across the web, on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. |
| Gtest | 1 year 1 month | Gtest cookie is a part of the Gemius market research platform, that is used to create statistics on website usage. |
| i | 1 year | This cookie is set by OpenX to record anonymized user data, such as IP address, geographical location, websites visited, ads clicked by the user etc., for relevant advertising. |
| id | 1 year 1 month | Set by Google DoubleClick, this cookie is used to create user profiles to display relevant ads. |
| IDE | 1 year 24 days | Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. |
| KADUSERCOOKIE | 3 months | The cookie, set by PubMatic, registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used for targeted ads. |
| KTPCACOOKIE | 1 day | The cookie, set by PubMatic, registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device across websites that use the same ad network. The ID is used for targeted ads. |
| mc | 1 year 1 month | Quantserve sets the mc cookie to anonymously track user behaviour on the website. |
| mdata | 1 year 1 month | The domain of this cookie is owned by Media Innovation group. This cookie registers a unique ID used to identify a visitor on their revisit inorder to serve them targeted ads. |
| ov | 1 year 1 month | This cookie is set by the provider mookie1.com. This cookie is used for serving the user with relevant content and advertisement. |
| PUBMDCID | 3 months | PubMatic sets this cookie to store an ID that is used to display ads in the users' browser. |
| pxrc | 2 months | This cookie is set by pippio to provide users with relevant advertisements and limit the number of ads displayed. |
| rlas3 | 1 year | RLCDN sets this cookie to provide users with relevant advertisements and limit the number of ads displayed. |
| suid_legacy | 1 year | This cookie is used to collect information on user preference and interactioin with the website campaign content. This cookie is used for promoting events and products by the webiste owners on CRM-campaign-platform. |
| TDCPM | 1 year | TDCPM cookie is set by Cloudflare service to store a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device which is then used for targeted advertising. |
| TDID | 1 year | TDID cookie is set by Cloudflare service to store a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device which is then used for targeted advertising. |
| test_cookie | 15 minutes | This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. |
| uid | 1 year 1 month | This cookie is used to measure the number and behavior of the visitors to the website anonymously. The data includes the number of visits, average duration of the visit on the website, pages visited, etc. for the purpose of better understanding user preferences for targeted advertisments. |
| uuid | 3 months | To optimize ad relevance by collecting visitor data from multiple websites such as what pages have been loaded. |
| uuid2 | 3 months | The uuid2 cookie is set by AppNexus and records information that helps in differentiating between devices and browsers. This information is used to pick out ads delivered by the platform and assess the ad performance and its attribute payment. |
| VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE | 5 months 27 days | This cookie is set by Youtube. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. |
| Cookie | Duration | Description |
|---|---|---|
| C | 1 month | No description |
| C3UID | 5 years | No description available. |
| C3UID-924 | 5 years | No description |
| CONSENT | 16 years 9 months 4 days 7 hours 25 minutes | No description |
| cookielawinfo-checkbox-functional | 1 year | The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". |
| cookielawinfo-checkbox-others | 1 year | No description |
| gadsTest | session | No description |
| GoogleAdServingTest | session | No description |
| ipc | past | No description available. |
| KRTBCOOKIE_27 | 1 month | No description available. |
| KRTBCOOKIE_377 | 3 months | No description available. |
| KRTBCOOKIE_391 | 1 month | No description available. |
| suid | 1 year | No description |
| SyncRTB3 | 3 months | No description available. |
| u | 1 year | The purpose of this cookie is targeting and marketing.The domain of this cookie is related with a company called Bombora in USA. |
| wpcom_highlander_3pc_check | session | No description |
| wp_api | past | No description |
| wp_api_sec | past | No description |
| yt-remote-connected-devices | never | No description available. |
| yt-remote-device-id | never | No description available. |
| _gat_gtag_UA_180322492_1 | 1 minute | No description |
| _ir | The cookie is set by Pinterest. We do not know the exact purpose of the cookies. | |
| __gpi | 1 year 24 days | No description |
